How do RTDs work?

How do they work?

RTDs are designed to ensure precise and repeatable temperature versus resistance characteristics. The type of material used in RTD construction will determine the limits on the temperature the RTD can be exposed to. The sensing element in an RTD is an electrical resistor that changes the resistance value as the temperature changes. The change in resistance with temperature happens at a predictable rate and can be measured to provide the temperature of a material of process.

The sensing element in an RTD typically contains either a coil of wire or a substrate with an etched film of platinum. The use of extension wires attached to the sending element allows the electrical resistance to be measured from a distance away from the process or material being measured. A protective sheath (normally stainless steel) houses the sensing element. Platinum is typically the material of choice in an RTD as this allows for a larger temperature range and it is a more stable material. Nickel and copper can also be used in RTD construction if a lower temperature range is required. Table 1. Outlines usable temperature ranges for each material.

For RTD construction, there are two methods most used. The most common is to place the RTD element and attached wires into a metal tube with a closed end. The tube is packed with a vibration dampening and/or heat transfer material, alumina powder in most cases, and seal the open end with a silicone, epoxy or ceramic cement.

An alternate construction method is the use of a mineral insulated metal sheath (MIMS) cable. The RTD element is inserted into a drilled hole and attached to nickel or copper wires insulated by Magnesium Oxide (MgO). The end is also insulated with MgO and welded closed. The other end has extension wires attached prior to sealing.
Once the temperature range and application has been determined, Pyrosales will select the most suitable materials and method of construction of the RTD.

2, 3 or 4 wire configuration

2-wire construction is the least accurate. 2-wire RTDs tend to be used with short lead wires or where close accuracy is not required.
3-wire construction is the most popular choice for industrial applications, whilst 4-wire construction is used in laboratories where close accuracy is imperative.

There are many options to consider when choosing the correct RTD element for your requirements:

1. Temperature rating
2. Tolerance, accuracy, and interchangeability
3. Time response
4. Distance from control or measuring equipment